Celiac Disease: The Clinical Chameleon of Gastroenterology

he mucosa of the small intestine is lined with villi and fine projections called microvilli, which serve to increase surface area and enhance nutrient absorption. In individuals with celiac disease, these villi and microvilli undergo partial or complete atrophy. This histological damage can be detected during diagnosis through a small intestine biopsy. Intestinal damage and mucosal flattening are associated with reduced nutrient absorption, potentially leading to nutritional deficiencies or even malnutrition.

Celiac disease is often referred to as “the chameleon of gastroenterology” due to its highly variable presentation. This autoimmune disorder can manifest with a wide range of intestinal and extraintestinal symptoms, and in some cases, may be entirely asymptomatic. Many cases go undetected for years because of the diversity in clinical presentation.